Crawford's historical argument is that the Enlightenment rejection of authority has been amplified by neo-liberal values and digitization, turning what was once an early scientific rejection of church authority (rationality vs. superstition) into a sort of hyper-individualism that rejects obvious facts about reality in favour of opinion. In our modern world opinions have the weight of truth, the irony being that the Enlightenment push to free people from authority has enabled individualism to such a degree that it is now ushering in a new era of superstition.
This person-on-a-pedestal is happily embraced by modern marketing which will go to ridiculous lengths to emphasize just how individual you can be if you all buy the same thing. The modern, insulated self is also coddled by digital media designed to cater to your every whim. Whole worlds are made where people feel they are accomplished because they followed the script of a game. Ask any student, they self-identify with their social standing in game play, yet their greatest achievements don't actually exist. The scripted interactions in gaming lead many people to believe that they've done something other follow a process they were supposed to complete. You can never win a video game, you can only finish it, like a book.
The modern Disney playhouse teaches children an almost deified version of technology. The machines are psychic, performing their functions perfectly before you even are aware that you need them. Any problems are resolved by the machines, there is never a question of them not working. Classic Mickey can often be seen repairing broken machines, modern Mickey is permanently happy as the machines resolve every problem that might arise, it almost plays like an Apple ad. Digital environments designed to cater to your every whim... sounds like the perfect twenty-first century learning environment.
Gamification in education tends to play much like Mickey's Clubhouse, offering an experience so safe that it's virtually (pun intended) meaningless. When you can't fail, you can't succeed. When you're following a script instead of self-directing your learning, you're not really learning. I'm a massive fan of simulation, even digital simulation, but gamification isn't that. In my simulations students often fail. If they didn't, it wouldn't be a worthwhile simulation. What I hope the simulation does is give them the space away from worldly cost concerns to experiment and try more radical approaches.
Pedagogically, educational technology suffers from much of the same marketing creep as Mickey's Clubhouse. It often tries to do too much, but it's also infected with attention grabbing nature of the digital economy it's derived from. The software we use in education is derived from platforms designed to ensnare attention for as long as possible in order to make money from it. In an economy where nobody makes anything, the only value people have is as consumers.
Crawford goes into detail about how we don't have a digital technology attention issue, we have a digital economics issue. Machines are designed to keep user attention because the economy that profits from it made them that way. We build machines to ensnare user attention (familiarity helps this, it's why education is 'given' tech 'for free').
We children of the Enlightenment, having freed our minds from superstition and social authority by amplifying individuality, ushered in scientific and industrial revolutions. The Enlightenment championed democracy rather than the mystical divine right of kings, but something insidious latched on to that democratic push. Democracy became democratic-capitalism and now we're saddled with an economic system that is happy to make use of the individualism championed in the Enlightenment.
Digital technologies latch on to our already amplified sense of self, multiplying it and allowing us to exist beyond the constraints of the real world (at least until there is an internet or power failure). As long as that comforting digital blanket is wrapped around our minds we are free to believe whatever we want (the internet will provide proof).
If you feel like there is something wrong with how we're doing things, Crawford's challenging book will give you the philosophical latitude to do an end-run around this mental trap that's been centuries in the making.
